Both Russia and the West now call the other side's actions 'hybrid warfare'
The term "hybrid warfare" describes using sabotage, cyberattacks and other covert pressure instead of open combat.
The term "hybrid warfare" describes using sabotage, cyberattacks and other covert pressure instead of open combat.
Within days, government computer systems in Moldova, Ohio and Italy were hacked, a cargo ship was struck by drones in the Black Sea, Iran's navy reportedly threatened another ship's crew, and the US said Russia keeps harassing its military satellites.
Britain's defence secretary set a deadline for the country to be ready to fight a war, told households to stockpile emergency supplies, and brought in Finnish trainers to teach officials how to counter hybrid warfare.
Russian attacks on civilian cargo ships in the Black Sea this month hit waters belonging to Romania and Bulgaria for the first time.
A drone attack hit two ships off Bulgaria's Black Sea coast on Tuesday, sinking one of them.
Romania's air force shot down a sea drone linked to Russia as it approached an offshore gas platform, and the president blamed Moscow.
In the same week, Russia stepped up bombing of Ukraine's Odesa port to cut it off from the Black Sea, an unexplained incident was reported in the Strait of Hormuz (the narrow waterway between Iran and Oman that much of the world's oil passes through), and Somali pirates hijacked a cargo ship, their fifth attack since April.
Russia struck Izmail, Ukraine's main port on the Danube River, overnight, damaging grain export terminals and starting fires.
Russia's President Vladimir Putin threatened to seize ships flying European Union flags anywhere from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean.
On 12 August Ukraine sent naval drones at Novorossiysk, Russia's main Black Sea oil-export port, part of an ongoing strike campaign.
A drone crashed and exploded near a natural gas pipeline in Bulgaria on Saturday, in a field near the Romanian border and the Black Sea.
Overnight, Ukraine reportedly tried to hit a spent nuclear fuel storage building at the Zaporizhzhia power plant, Europe's largest, which Russia has controlled since early in the war.